Grand Theory Critique - 1369 Words

Critique of a Grand Theory Wheeling Jesuit University Ida Jean Orlando is a well-known theorist in the realm of nursing. Orlando was born in 1926 and had a diverse nursing career which involved many titles and roles within the profession. Originally she received her diploma of nursing in 1947 at the New York Medical College. Over the years Orlando continued her education and in 1954 earned her Master’s degree in mental health consultation from Columbia University. Orlando worked as a staff nurse in many different areas of nursing and as a graduate of a Master’s program participated in research at Yale. It was 1961 when she published her first book titled â€Å"The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process, and†¦show more content†¦Orlando used some direction of earlier theorists, Nightingale and Peplau, in developing her theory (George, 2010). The context and content of Orlando’s theory are congruent. Both show how individuality and a patient’s specific need call for individualit y to achieve affective outcomes. Orlando’s theory is consistent in every sense. Her concepts described and used in the theory, as well as its structure are consistent throughout. Through her research she carefully developed her theory and used it in nursing practice. The theory has a very distinct structure and ideals which are unwavering no matter what field of nursing you may practice in. The basis for the theory is very clear, and individuality of the patient is the base for nursing care no matter the situation. Orlando’s content of her theory is clearly stated and easily understood. With her research used to back up the theory and how effective it is to patient outcomes, it is clear to the nursing profession how useful it is. It is not complicated and the theory does not change under certain circumstances. It can clearly be used in any discipline of nursing and should be used by all practicing nurses in their care. The theory itself was developed strictly o ut of the use of research and grants assisting in the research done by Orlando. With the grants and Orlando’s education she was able to implement herShow MoreRelatedEssay about RoyCritique1322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ A Critique of Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model Ashley Taylor Maryville University Roy’s Adaptation Model (RAM) is one of the most commonly used theories in nursing research and education for today’s modern nursing. It focuses on a person’s adaptation to his/her environment and guides nursing interventions in order to promote healthy adaptation. I chose the adaptation model because her model closely resembles my thoughts on nursing. The holistic approach and value on adaptation thatRead MoreMyra Levine Theory Critique Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Theory Critique of Conservation Model Theory Critique of Levine’s Conservation Model Dana Carroll Nur 600 February 24, 2013 Jacqueline Saleeby Theory Critique of Levine’s Conservation Model Introduction Myra Levine proposed a grand theory of energy conservation. Using the Chinn and Kramer Model for critique, this paper will describe the theory reviewing purpose, concepts, definitions, relationships, structure, assumptions, and rationale for selection. Then, the theory will beRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Communication On A Critical Branch Of Sociological Thought From 20th Century Social Thought1262 Words   |  6 Pagespractice of composite audiences and their agency, Mills, rightly, never was shook his distaste for behaviorism and its presuppositions. Shaped by this post-war infatuation with coding mass behaviour and his critique thereof, in The Sociological Imagination, Mills identified the emergence of Grand Theory (the term Mills used to mock Talcott Parsons’s work) and Abstracted Empiricism (a comment on Daniel Bell’s work.) Stemming from his close experience with large public opinion survey research, he was dissatisfiedRead MoreMorality via Kant and Hegel1712 Words   |  7 Pagesaccompanied by a questioning of the very nature of the moral: Is there an impartial criterion that enables us to know objectively what one ought to do, or do our moral intuitions rest solely on subjective, arbitrary grounds? With the lure of divine command theory fading from the Enlightenment and onwards, modern moral philosophy can be seen as an attempt to uncover either the criterion or its nonexistence. An endeavor in which few can be said to have been as influential as Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and hisRead MoreInessential Woman855 Words   |  4 Pagesechoed many of the issues we addressed in Global Feminism last semester. As Spelman illustrates, those issues of difference, exclusion, essentialism, race, class, white middle-class heteronormativity, remain difficult and complex within feminist theories. I start by saying that I found myself confused at times and having to re-read quite often. I was taken by Spelmans introduction and the analogous yet paradoxical examples of Uncle Theo and the multiplicity of the pebbles to trouble the issuesRead MoreEthical Approaches Critique Paper1118 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Grand Principles, Nash’s Covenantal Business Ethic, Damon’s Four Dimensions of Business Morality, and Hill’s (2008) Christian Ethic for Business. Also, this paper critiques each of them through analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of approaches. Finally, the most favor approach is provided at the end. The Grand Principles which are called the prescriptive approach are provided by some philosophers such as Kant and Aristotle. The Grand Principles include Consequentialist Theories, DeontologicalRead MoreA Critique of Cloud and Townsend1359 Words   |  6 PagesA Critique of Cloud and Townsend A Critique of: Boundaries in Marriage by Dr. Henry Cloud and Dr. John Townsend       In their book, Boundaries in Marriage, the authors, Cloud and Townsend, present a theoretical model for maintaining healthy relationships, specifically marriage relationships. This examination of Cloud and Townsend’s approach to maintaining healthy relationships summarizes both the theoretical and theological orientation of their proposed model, compares their approach to theRead MorePostmodern American Artist s Cindy Sherman And Kara Walker Critique And Question Grand Narratives Of Gender, Race And1164 Words   |  5 PagesPostmodern American artist’s Cindy Sherman and Kara Walker critique and question grand narratives of gender, race and class through their work and art practice. Cindy Sherman, born 1954, is well renowned for her conceptual portraits of female characters and personas that question the representation of women, gender identity and the true (or untrue) nature of photography (Hattenstone 2011). Kara Walker, born 1969, is known for her black si lhouettes that dance across gallery walls and most recentlyRead MoreStructural Functionalism1448 Words   |  6 PagesStructural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.[1] This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms.[2] This approach looks at both social structure and social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a wholeRead MoreEssay on Research Critique Part 1659 Words   |  3 Pages Research Critique Part 1 Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary OConnell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinical problem

Child Abuse and Cognitive Psychology - 1478 Words

Child Abuse and Cognitive Psychology Language is an important component in discussing cognitive psychology. There are many different aspects to language that can be broken down to better understand its functions. Language can be defined as â€Å"An organized way to combine words to communicate† (O’Brien, lecture notes 2014). In addition language is a communication system that is unique to humans. It is also something that is learned as opposed to being biologically inherited (O’Brien, lecture notes, 2014). Neuroimaging is also an important mechanism in cognitive psychology. Neuroimaging also known as brain imaging involves â€Å"the construction of pictures of the anatomy and functioning of intact brains through such techniques as computerized axial tomography, (CAT, or CT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)† (Galotti, 2014). Since language and neuroimaging are broad topics, this paper will examine how language and neuroimaging are affected in children who have been exposed to severe neglect and abuse. There are several studies that discuss how these two cognitive factors play a role in abused children. The first study was written by Audetter Sylvestre and Chantal Merette. In their paper they discuss language delays in severely neglected children. These Canadian researchers investigated severely neglected children that were 2-36 months in age (Sylvestre and Merette, 2010). They developed severalShow MoreRelatedTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MoreExamine Research on Applications of Life Span Psychology on the Children Defense Fund Program1254 Words   |  6 PagesExamine Research on Applications of Lifespan Psychology The purpose and focus of this week assignment is to select a program or an agency that conducts research on lifespan psychology to create applications that strengthen public policy and programs. The program selected for this assignment is the Children defense fund program. The Children Defense fund is a nationwide organization put in place to ensure that every child is treated fair and has an effective and promising start in life, regardlessRead MoreLifespan Development1516 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan Development and Personality Luis Cervantes PSY/103 January 11, 2016 Susanne Nishino Lifespan Development and Personality Developmental psychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growthRead MoreThe Effect of Child Abuse on The Emotional Development of the Infant1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Child Abuse on the Emotional Development of the Infant to Five Years Old in the United States A Review of the Literature Child abuse is one of the most serious issues in the United States today. Child abuse is the physical, emotional/ psychological or sexual maltreatment of a minor. Neglecting a child is another type of abuse, and includes malnutrition, abandonment, and/or inadequate care of a child’s safety. Additionally, any neglectful act can lead to physical or emotional harmRead MoreA Critical Reflection on Information Processing Theories of Trauma Response1613 Words   |  7 PagesExam number: CLPS11045 Word count: 1099 Introduction Cognitive theories that focus on information processing have been the most influential theories of trauma in terms of generating testable hypotheses and directing current treatments (Salmon Bryant, 2002). For this reason, we will attempt to critically evaluate this area of trauma theory with reference to other popular theories, the research evidence, clinical practice and developmental factors. Information Processing Theories of TraumaRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MoreCurrent Event Psychology Article Review1433 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors at play that parents must keep in mind. They have to consider social and cultural issues, the ethics involved in the matter, as well as personal dynamics relating to psychology. The goal of the parents wasn’t a mere attempt to force traditional roles and values onto their children. However, they were respectful to their child own values. Parents and teachers would be more aware, constructive, and active participant in the formation of their child’s identity if researchers extended the focus ofRead More The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson, one of the founders of Behaviorism, based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known asRead MoreThe Association Between Abuse And Children s Academic Level Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesThe Association between Abuse by Parents and Children’s Academic Level Sydney D. Gore Research Plan 2016 Introduction Many children who experience abuse mentally, physically, or sexually tend to have troubles performing academically well in school. Maltreatment was predicted to negatively affect children s academic and behavioral alteration through the creation of discrepancies in academic engagement, social capabilities, ego resiliency, and ego control (Shonk, S. M., Cicchetti, D. 2001). MyRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Child Maltreatment Faith A. Hopper Columbia College HUMS 390 Child Maltreatment In the beginning of this course, maltreatment meant getting hit in areas of your body besides your buttocks. But as this class progressed through this class it gets much deeper than that. According to the New York Office of Child and Family Services, maltreatment is defined as the quality of care a child is receiving from those responsible for him/her. When a parent or individual who is legally responsible

Enterprise Leadership Network Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Enterprise Leadershipfor Network Leadership. Answer: Introduction Enterprise leadership is conceptualized as the organisational performance buzzwords that are utilized for good reason. Enterprise leadership is not discharging the necessity of the individual team leadership. It helps in encouraging the leaders to add the network leadership to the type of individual leadership (Kalysh, Kulik and Perera 2016). It produces the result for the team and achieves the pre-determined organizational goals. It is noted that the team goals are generally aligned with the organizational goals. Therefore, the teams are achieving the goals to meet the objectives of the organisation. The impact of the enterprise leaders is much beneficial since it contributes to the revenue growth of the business (Sanders et al. 2015). On the other hand, the enterprise leadership promotes the multiculturalism within the organisation. The study will provide the fruitful insights regarding the methods used by the Enterprise leaders to promote the cultural diversity within the organisa tion. The study will reflect the case scenario of Telstra, which is a renowned telecommunication organisation in Australian market. The leaders of the company have been dealing with the consequences of cultural diversity in current days. Therefore, the study will provide the recommendation regarding the management of cultural diversity within the workplace. Background of the Company Telstra is a renowned telecommunication company that has the strengthened competitive position in Australia and New Zealand market. The company has launched many attractive telecommunication services that have created the positive impacts on the target customers. The company is even looking forward to expand the business in the international ground (Adams and Borsellino 2015). It is noted that the company is associating some of the expatriate from other countries to facilitate the innovations in business processes. The associated leaders are focusing on team building to split the tasks into smaller ones and achieving them one by one. When the group is achieving the small goals, it becomes easier for the company to meet the bigger objectives (Ozturk and Tatli 2016). On the other hand, the leaders are even looking forward to promote the multiculturalism to bring more innovations and broaden the customer base. However, there are few challenges foreseen in working with the people from di verse culture and background (Ready and Peebles 2015). The further study will explore the concept of cultural diversity and the role of the enterprise leaders to promote the cultural diversity. Concept of Cultural Diversity The cultural diversity is a wider concepts associated with the organisational context. The people from the diverse cultures and background are associated together to fulfill the organisational goals. It is noted that the cultural diversity is much effective concept in considering the innovative business procedure. In a group of diverse cultural people, they bring out the innovative method of conducting the business (Ewoh 2013). The other people associated with the group receive the fruitful insights regarding such innovative process. Hence, the collaboration of the people from diverse background is much effective concept that can lead the enterprises towards success (Guillaume et al. 2015). However, the cultural diversity has many of the disadvantages as well. The language barriers are sometimes the major problem for every organisation. When the expatriate work in the Australian workplace, the obligations are faced in the communications. The different languages of the people are some times misinterpreting the information due to which the organisational functionalities are affected (Barak 2016). Moreover, in Telstra, many of the allegations occurred due to the workplace discrimination Role of Enterprise Leaders inMaintaining the Multiculturalism The current world is much advanced and it supports the increasing number of the globalised businesses. It has been observed that in todays world, the employers usually employ the people from different countries (Bakar and McCann 2014). The organisations have the idea that the association of the diverse group of employees can bring more innovation to accomplish the determined goals. Moreover, it will be effective enough to secure the position of competitive position. In Telstra, many people are from outer countries due to which the business leaders are paying attention towards the multiculturalisms to introduce the innovative business processes (Kumar 2016). It has been noted that the enterprise leaders promotes the group with the people from diverse background. It helps other to learn more process and strategic events to promote the workplace diversity (Ready and Peebles 2015). In fact, the individuals can even enhance their professional skills by gathering the innovative knowledge f rom the people from different group (Ready and Peebles 2015). The enterprise leaders lead the workforce to derive the best outcome of their performance and achieve the organisational goals. Recommendation The workplace diversity is one of the most effective business strategies to win over the global competitors. It has been noted that Telstra has been facing the allegations due to the workplace discriminations. In such cases, it is necessary to the enterprise leaders to come forward and take the initiatives to promote workplace diversity within the organisation. Considering such situation, it is essential to provide some of the preferable recommendation for the company that will be beneficial in promoting workplace diversity. Application of the Government Policies The Australian government has imposed many of the anti-discrimination law on the employers to eliminate the discriminative attitudes within the workplace. The law suggests that the every employee, be it local or international, should be equally treated. Moreover, these rules and regulations are even concentrating on developing the bias-free organisation that is essential for keeping the motivation level high. The Enterprise leaders need to take the responsibility to organize such workplace scenario that is free from all such biasness and discriminations. Moreover, the leaders need to keep the focus on the individual groups whether they have been maintaining the similar attributes while working with the people from different cultural background. The enterprise leader needs to ensure that every individual is maintaining the standards and rules. Workplace Diversity Training The enterprise leaders are responsible for providing the necessary training sessions to the associated workforces. It has been observed that the due to the linguistic differences, the workforce face the significant challenges to discuss the information. Hence, it is essential to pay the attention on some of the significant strategies that can be beneficial enough in mitigating the issues with the language barriers. Promoting the non-verbal communication or the language training process would be much beneficial in eliminating such issues. The training session will also be beneficial for addressing the job roles and discuss the innovative method with the group of the diverse people. Accordingly, it would provide the clear understanding regarding the necessity of workplace diversity. Conclusion The study provides the understanding regarding the effectiveness of the enterprise leaders in maintaining workplace diversity in Telstra. It has been observed that currently the company has been facing several challenging allegations against the workplace discriminations. The company has established the strengthened brand identity in the Australian and New Zealand market and looking forward to expand the business globally. In such cases, it is necessary for the company to manage such conflicting scenario and eliminate the discriminating attitudes to maintain the positions in the competitive market. The enterprise leaders formulate the teams and make progress to the organisational functionalities. They need to maintain their roles and responsibilities to promote the workplace diversity within the company. Imposing the government rules and regulations would be preferable for eliminating the workplace discriminations. Moreover, it is necessary to undertake the proper training session to make the employees aware of the necessity of workplace diversity. It will be helpful enough in accomplishing the organisational goals. References Adams, M.A. and Borsellino, G., 2015. The unspoken reality of diversity on boards.Governance Directions,67(2), p.78. Bakar, H.A. and McCann, R.M., 2014. Matters of demographic similarity and dissimilarity in supervisorsubordinate relationships and workplace attitudes.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,41, pp.1-16. Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Ewoh, A.I., 2013. Managing and valuing diversity: Challenges to public managers in the 21st century.Public Personnel Management,42(2), pp.107-122. Guillaume, Y.R., Dawson, J.F., Otaye?Ebede, L., Woods, S.A. and West, M.A., 2015. Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity?.Journal of Organizational Behavior. Kalysh, K., Kulik, C.T. and Perera, S., 2016. Help or hindrance? Worklife practices and women in management.The Leadership Quarterly,27(3), pp.504-518. Kumar, D., 2016.Enterprise growth strategy: vision, planning and execution. CRC Press. Ozturk, M.B. and Tatli, A., 2016. Gender identity inclusion in the workplace: broadening diversity management research and practice through the case of transgender employees in the UK.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(8), pp.781-802. Ready, D.A. and Peebles, M.E., 2015. Developing the next generation of enterprise leaders.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(1), pp.43-51. Ready, D.A. and Peebles, M.E., 2015. Developing the next generation of enterprise leaders.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(1), pp.43-51. Sanders, M., Zeng, J., Hellicar, M. and Fagg, K., 2015. The Power of Flexibility: A Key Enabler to Boost Gender Parity and Employee Engagement.

Regulation and Deregulation an Example by

Regulation and Deregulation Abstract Transportation services like trucking, mass transit, and pipeline services are necessities in serving public good. For several years, the government has been controlling these services. Deregulation statutes were also enacted in order to provide efficiency in the industry. However, the issue as to whether these services should completely be freed from government control is still a debate. This paper will present regulation as well as deregulation of these services. Need essay sample on "Regulation and Deregulation" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed REGULATION AND DEREGULATION OF TRUCKING, MASS TRANSIT, AND PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES In the article of Thomas Gale Moore, he presented the present status of the governments regulation of the transport system including trucking, pipeline and mass transit. In deregulating the trucking service, federal government are limited in controlling the service. But then, through the existence of the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the freedom in engaging to transportation services is limited. Besides, the paper works that these departments are tasked to do are redundant and are merely wasting the taxpayers money. The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 successfully opened opportunity for private carriers in the industry of trucking as it welcomed new competitors (Moore). The tremendous effect was seen in 1990 where nearly 20,000 carriers engaged in the business and even given freedom to move at any of the 48 states then (Moore). In addition, the act has created an annual revenue of $10 billion as reported by DOT. Another deregulatory statute is the Staggers Act in 1994 which helped lessen the cost of inventories and made shipments even speedier and creating almost $100 billion annually (Moore). However, these benefits were curtailed through the passage of Negotiated Rate Act in 1993 (Moore). This act has caused troubles among the carriers in setting rates. Moreover, in order to bring back the freedom in the trucking service and competition in the market, all obstacles should be abolished by the Congress. One of which is the ICC which is limiting the entrance of carriers and another is the Carmack Amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act which puts much liability to the carrier. With regard to mass transit, the present statute in control is the Urban Mass Transit Act of 1964 or presently known as Federal Transit Administration (Moore). This act has created shift in commuting patterns and provided incentive of up to 75% of construction funds (Moore). On the other hand, pipeline industry is still being regulated by the ICC. This, however, does not include pipelines carrying products such as natural gas and petroleum. The regulation of the transportation services like trucking, pipelines, and mass transit is entrusted to the Interstate Commerce Commission or the ICC and to the Department of Transportation. By virtue of the Interstate Commission Act, the Interstate Commerce Commission was created with a regulatory function. In trucking the ICC is in charge of licensing the carriers. It is also demands for that classified goods be listed. In addition, the ICC is in charge of setting rates, route control, and restrictions on the entry of new carriers (Armentano, 1986, p. 63). Still by virtue of the Act, the rates were required to be published. In addition, as part of regulation, secret rebates were outlawed (Travel and History, 2008). Moreover, the Commission is also granted with investigatory power to deal with abuses and may summon witnesses for such purpose. The duty of certifying air carriers, on the other hand, is entrusted to the DOT. On the other hand, deregulation was made possible by the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 which opened the industry for interested private carriers. Another is the Negotiated Rate Act in 1993 which required the truckers to seek certificate of public convenience and necessity (Moore). Nevertheless, this has been a barrier for most of the carriers. Certificates were only made available when the trucker would present proof of previous services. As to mass transit, the funding was dependent upon the construction fund afforded by the government. Prerequisite of the funding is the showing of proof by the local transit authorities that through the proposal for the construction, no worker would be adversely affected. Absence thereof would be the denial of fund. With regard to pipelines, the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 is controlling (Rabinowitz and American Bar Association Occupational Safety and Health Law Committee, 2002, p.799). Through the act, the DOT has been given power to prescribe minimum safety requirements for pipeline facilities and the transportation of natural gas (Rabinowitz and American Bar Association Occupational Safety and Health Law Committee , 2002, p.799). The regulation encompasses material to be used, designs of the pipes, installation standard, maintenance guidelines and testing requirements for pipelines (Rabinowitz and American Bar Association Occupational Safety and Health Law Committee, 2002, p.799). In order to ensure that pipeline industries are complying with the requirements set by the Act, the Secretary is mandated to make inspections on pipeline facilities.The regulation applied as to trucking is licensing and obtaining certificate in order to be a part of the industry. It also requires listing of the classification of goods as mandated by the law. Generally, the regulation that has been involved is those that are normally done by the ICC and DOT and its agencies as mandated by law. Primarily, the article is criticizing on the government regulation of the transportation services like trucking, mass transit, and pipelines. In addition, it laid down the disadvantages of the regulatory laws for it curtailed the economic progress that can be derived through deregulation. In trucking, the rate regulation has affected competitiveness of pricing. Through the Negotiated Rate Act in 1993, the competition was concentrated on lowering the shipping rates. Many cases were even filed because of the discrepancies in the rates filed and the rates negotiated as a result of failure of some in filing rates with the ICC. In summing the regulation of trucking, the government or the regulation laws merely served as stumbling block for the progress of the industry and tax that may be saved if the industry were only deregulated. Scenario is the same with mass transit. On the other hand, the regulation of pipeline restricted the free market for the industry. Accordingly, there was case of 1986 where Chevron Corporation built pipeline connecting its mine in Vernal, Utah and in Wyoming (Moore). The pipeline however had excess in capacity and so the company used it for the moving of its phosphate but other companies complained because the former failed to file transportation of phosphate rate. The ICC ruled against Chevron but invited criticisms for being unjustiable. For such, most critics appeals for the complete deregulation in order for the transportation services to be competitive and profitable. References Armentano, D. T. (1986). Antitrust Policy: The Case for Repeal. CATO Institute. Moore, T. G. The Cato Review of Business and Government. (2008). Clearing the Track: The Remaining Transportation Regulations. Moore, T. G. The Library of Economics and Liberty. (2008). Trucking Deregulation. Rabinowitz,, R. and American Bar Association Occupational Safety and Health Law Committee. (2002). Occupational Safety and Health Law. Washington, D.C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Travel and History. (2008). Federal Government Interstate Commerce Act.